Types of microorganisms (e.g., viruses, microbes, yeast, mammalian and stem cells); cell physiology, structure and function; gene expression and protein synthesis; protein folding; post-translational modification; cell cycle; molecular biology techniques. Lectures and laboratory. The scope of this course is to provide a comprehensive overview of eukaryotic cell structure and the fundamental functional aspects of membranes, organelles, nuclear architecture, genome and epigenome in the context of development, specialization, and integration with the environment. B 224 was previously entitled "Fundamentals of Cell Biology" during Falls of 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012.