TY - JOUR
T1 - 18.9% Efficient Organic Solar Cells Based on n-Doped Bulk-Heterojunction and Halogen-Substituted Self-Assembled Monolayers as Hole Extracting Interlayers
AU - Lin, Yuanbao
AU - Zhang, Yadong
AU - Zhang, Junxiang
AU - Marcinskas, Mantas
AU - Malinauskas, Tadas
AU - Magomedov, Artiom
AU - Nugraha, Mohamad Insan
AU - Kaltsas, Dimitris
AU - Naphade, Dipti R.
AU - Harrison, George T.
AU - El-Labban, Abdulrahman
AU - Barlow, Stephen
AU - De Wolf, Stefaan
AU - Wang, Ergang
AU - McCulloch, Iain
AU - Tsetseris, Leonidas
AU - Getautis, Vytautas
AU - Marder, Seth R.
AU - Anthopoulos, Thomas D.
N1 - Funding Information:
This publication was based upon work supported by the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Office of Sponsored Research (OSR) under Awards No: OSR‐2018‐CARF/CCF‐3079 and No: OSR‐2019‐CRG8‐4095.3. J.Z., Y.Z., S.B., and S.R.M. acknowledged funding from NSF under the CCI Center for Selective C–H Functionalization (CHE‐1700982) and from the Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research as part of a Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative, Award No., N00014‐21‐1‐2180. A.M. and VG acknowledged funding from the Research Council of Lithuania under grant agreement Nr. 01.2.2‐LMT‐K‐718‐03‐0040 (SMARTMOLECULES). D.K. and L.T. acknowledged support for the computational time granted from GRNET in the National HPC facility ‐ARIS – under project FRAME. Y.L. and I.M. acknowledged funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement n 952911, project BOOSTER, grant agreement n°862474, project RoLA‐FLEX, and grant agreement n°101007084 CITYSOLAR, as well as EPSRC Project EP/T026219/1 EP/W017091/1.
Funding Information:
This publication was based upon work supported by the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Office of Sponsored Research (OSR) under Awards No: OSR-2018-CARF/CCF-3079 and No: OSR-2019-CRG8-4095.3. J.Z., Y.Z., S.B., and S.R.M. acknowledged funding from NSF under the CCI Center for Selective C–H Functionalization (CHE-1700982) and from the Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research as part of a Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative, Award No., N00014-21-1-2180. A.M. and VG acknowledged funding from the Research Council of Lithuania under grant agreement Nr. 01.2.2-LMT-K-718-03-0040 (SMARTMOLECULES). D.K. and L.T. acknowledged support for the computational time granted from GRNET in the National HPC facility -ARIS – under project FRAME. Y.L. and I.M. acknowledged funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement n 952911, project BOOSTER, grant agreement n°862474, project RoLA-FLEX, and grant agreement n°101007084 CITYSOLAR, as well as EPSRC Project EP/T026219/1 EP/W017091/1.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.
PY - 2022/12/1
Y1 - 2022/12/1
N2 - The influence of halogen substitutions (F, Cl, Br, and I) on the energy levels of the self-assembled hole-extracting molecule [2-(9H-Carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz), is investigated. It is found that the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of [2-(3,6-Difluoro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (F-2PACz), [2-(3,6-Dichloro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (Cl-2PACz), [2-(3,6-Dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (Br-2PACz), and [2-(3,6-Diiodo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (I-2PACz) directly on indium tin oxide (ITO) increases its work function from 4.73 eV to 5.68, 5.77, 5.82, and 5.73 eV, respectively. Combining these ITO/SAM electrodes with the ternary bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) system PM6:PM7-Si:BTP-eC9 yields organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells with power conversion efficiency (PCE) in the range of 17.7%–18.5%. OPVs featuring Cl-2PACz SAMs yield the highest PCE of 18.5%, compared to cells with F-2PACz (17.7%), Br-2PACz (18.0%), or I-2PACz (18.2%). Data analysis reveals that the enhanced performance of Cl-2PACz-based OPVs relates to the increased hole mobility, decreased interface resistance, reduced carrier recombination, and longer carrier lifetime. Furthermore, OPVs featuring Cl-2PACz show enhanced stability under continuous illumination compared to ITO/PEDOT:PSS-based cells. Remarkably, the introduction of the n-dopant benzyl viologen into the BHJ further boosted the PCE of the ITO/Cl-2PACz cells to a maximum value of 18.9%, a record-breaking value for SAM-based OPVs and on par with the best-performing OPVs reported to date.
AB - The influence of halogen substitutions (F, Cl, Br, and I) on the energy levels of the self-assembled hole-extracting molecule [2-(9H-Carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz), is investigated. It is found that the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of [2-(3,6-Difluoro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (F-2PACz), [2-(3,6-Dichloro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (Cl-2PACz), [2-(3,6-Dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (Br-2PACz), and [2-(3,6-Diiodo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (I-2PACz) directly on indium tin oxide (ITO) increases its work function from 4.73 eV to 5.68, 5.77, 5.82, and 5.73 eV, respectively. Combining these ITO/SAM electrodes with the ternary bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) system PM6:PM7-Si:BTP-eC9 yields organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells with power conversion efficiency (PCE) in the range of 17.7%–18.5%. OPVs featuring Cl-2PACz SAMs yield the highest PCE of 18.5%, compared to cells with F-2PACz (17.7%), Br-2PACz (18.0%), or I-2PACz (18.2%). Data analysis reveals that the enhanced performance of Cl-2PACz-based OPVs relates to the increased hole mobility, decreased interface resistance, reduced carrier recombination, and longer carrier lifetime. Furthermore, OPVs featuring Cl-2PACz show enhanced stability under continuous illumination compared to ITO/PEDOT:PSS-based cells. Remarkably, the introduction of the n-dopant benzyl viologen into the BHJ further boosted the PCE of the ITO/Cl-2PACz cells to a maximum value of 18.9%, a record-breaking value for SAM-based OPVs and on par with the best-performing OPVs reported to date.
KW - molecular dopants
KW - organic bulk-heterojunctions
KW - organic semiconductors
KW - organic solar cells
KW - self-assembled monolayers
KW - solution processing
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85139219556&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/aenm.202202503
DO - 10.1002/aenm.202202503
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85139219556
SN - 1614-6832
VL - 12
JO - Advanced Energy Materials
JF - Advanced Energy Materials
IS - 45
M1 - 2202503
ER -
