TY - JOUR
T1 - Carbon dioxide thickening: A review of technological aspects, advances and challenges for oilfield application
AU - Pal, Nilanjan
AU - Zhang, Xuan
AU - Ali, Muhammad
AU - Mandal, Ajay
AU - Hoteit, Hussein
N1 - KAUST Repository Item: Exported on 2022-01-18
Acknowledgements: The authors acknowledge the encouragement and technical expertise provided by the Physical Science and Engineering Division. The contribution recognizes the support of Saudi Aramco (Grant OSR: 44436) to King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, Saudi Arabia and Department of Science & Technology, SERB, India (Grant ID: CRG/2020/000828) to Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, India for the article.
PY - 2022/1
Y1 - 2022/1
N2 - The relatively low density and viscosity of carbon dioxide (CO2) in supercritical state create several drawbacks, including gravity override, viscous fingering, water production/treatment problems, and poor proppant transport for the petroleum industry. The introduction of CO2 thickeners offers a promising additive technology with sufficient solubility and viscosity enhancement attributes. The current article reviews the technical advances, challenges, and applicability of thickened CO2, particularly for hydrocarbon recovery. Different types of thickeners, including polymers, tailor-made surfactants, and small associating compounds, were investigated in terms of their nature, physicochemical traits, cost, and applications. The molecular weight and concentration, shear rate, co-solvent composition, temperature, and pressure play a significant role in the intermolecular forces and miscibility effect of thickeners in the presence of dense CO2. Binary co-polymers (non-fluorinated non-siloxane materials) and small molecule (associating) compounds are promising options for CO2 thickening owing to their enhanced performance, cost-effectiveness, and low ecological footprint. This study provides a comprehensive review of existing technologies, outline the gaps, potential, and required area for improvement.
AB - The relatively low density and viscosity of carbon dioxide (CO2) in supercritical state create several drawbacks, including gravity override, viscous fingering, water production/treatment problems, and poor proppant transport for the petroleum industry. The introduction of CO2 thickeners offers a promising additive technology with sufficient solubility and viscosity enhancement attributes. The current article reviews the technical advances, challenges, and applicability of thickened CO2, particularly for hydrocarbon recovery. Different types of thickeners, including polymers, tailor-made surfactants, and small associating compounds, were investigated in terms of their nature, physicochemical traits, cost, and applications. The molecular weight and concentration, shear rate, co-solvent composition, temperature, and pressure play a significant role in the intermolecular forces and miscibility effect of thickeners in the presence of dense CO2. Binary co-polymers (non-fluorinated non-siloxane materials) and small molecule (associating) compounds are promising options for CO2 thickening owing to their enhanced performance, cost-effectiveness, and low ecological footprint. This study provides a comprehensive review of existing technologies, outline the gaps, potential, and required area for improvement.
UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10754/674973
UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236121028088
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85122495245&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122947
DO - 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122947
M3 - Article
SN - 0016-2361
SP - 122947
JO - Fuel
JF - Fuel
ER -