Abstract
When the number of bits per symbol is odd, the peak and average power of transmission can be reduced by using cross quadrature amplitude modulations (QAMs) instead of rectangular QAMs. However, since perfect Gray coding is not possible for cross QAMs, using Smith-style Gray coding, this paper derives the exact bit error rate (BER) for cross QAM constellations over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 3039-3050 |
Number of pages | 12 |
Journal | IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications |
Volume | 4 |
Issue number | 6 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Nov 2005 |
Externally published | Yes |
Keywords
- Bit error rate
- Cross quadrature amplitude modulation
- Gray penalty
- Outage probability
- Rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation
- Square quadrature amplitude modulation
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Applied Mathematics
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Computer Science Applications