TY - JOUR
T1 - Factors governing intercalation of fullerenes and other small molecules between the side chains of semiconducting polymers used in solar cells
AU - Miller, Nichole Cates
AU - Cho, Eunkyung
AU - Gysel, Roman
AU - Risko, Chad
AU - Coropceanu, Veaceslav
AU - Miller, Chad E.
AU - Sweetnam, Sean
AU - Sellinger, Alan
AU - Heeney, Martin
AU - McCulloch, Iain
AU - Bredas, Jean-Luc
AU - Toney, Michael F.
AU - McGehee, Michael D.
N1 - KAUST Repository Item: Exported on 2023-01-09
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Center for Advanced Molecular Photovoltaics (Award No KUS-C1-015-21), made by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). Work at Georgia Tech was also supported by the Office of Naval Research (N00014-11-1-0211). The authors would like to acknowledge Darin Laird of Plextronics and Jeremy E.P. Dahl for the synthesis and purification of the indene-C60 fullerenes and the diamondoids, respectively. We would also like to acknowledge D.F. Kavulak and Jean M.J. Frechet of the University of California in Berkeley and Martin Drees of Luna Innoations for the synthesis of the dihydronaphthyl bridged ester fullerene derivatives and the LUPCBEH-C80, respectively. Portions of this research were carried out at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, a national user facility operated by Stanford University on behalf of the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. We acknowledge the permission to use the diffraction image processing and data analysis software package Wxdiff by Stefan C.B. Mannsfeld at SSRL (http://code.google.com/p/wxdiff).
This publication acknowledges KAUST support, but has no KAUST affiliated authors.
PY - 2012/10
Y1 - 2012/10
N2 - While recent reports have established signifi cant miscibility in polymer:fullerene blends used in organic solar cells, little is actually known about why polymers and fullerenes mix and how their mixing can be controlled. Here, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and molecular simulations are used to study mixing in a variety of polymer:molecule blends by systematically varying the polymer and smallmolecule properties. It is found that a variety of polymer:fullerene blends mix by forming bimolecular crystals provided there is suffi cient space between the polymer side chains to accommodate a fullerene. Polymer:tetrafl uoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) bimolecular crystals were also observed, although bimolecular crystals did not form in the other studied polymer:nonfullerene blends, including those with both conjugated and non-conjugated small molecules. DSC and molecular simulations demonstrate that strong polymer-fullerene interactions can exist, and the calculations point to van der Waals interactions as a signifi cant driving force for molecular mixing.
AB - While recent reports have established signifi cant miscibility in polymer:fullerene blends used in organic solar cells, little is actually known about why polymers and fullerenes mix and how their mixing can be controlled. Here, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and molecular simulations are used to study mixing in a variety of polymer:molecule blends by systematically varying the polymer and smallmolecule properties. It is found that a variety of polymer:fullerene blends mix by forming bimolecular crystals provided there is suffi cient space between the polymer side chains to accommodate a fullerene. Polymer:tetrafl uoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) bimolecular crystals were also observed, although bimolecular crystals did not form in the other studied polymer:nonfullerene blends, including those with both conjugated and non-conjugated small molecules. DSC and molecular simulations demonstrate that strong polymer-fullerene interactions can exist, and the calculations point to van der Waals interactions as a signifi cant driving force for molecular mixing.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84867288888&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/aenm.201200392
DO - 10.1002/aenm.201200392
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84867288888
SN - 1614-6832
VL - 2
SP - 1208
EP - 1217
JO - Advanced Energy Materials
JF - Advanced Energy Materials
IS - 10
ER -
