Factors influencing the preparation of hollow polymer-graphene oxide microcapsules via Pickering miniemulsion polymerization

The synthesis of hollow, cross-linked polymer particles ('capsules') via Pickering miniemulsion polymerization using graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets as sole surfactant is reported. The influence of monomer, cross-linker and initiator type was studied, in addition to hydrophobe loading and initiator concentration. The desired hollow capsule morphology was shown to be strongly dependent on the choice of cross-linker; an aromatic crosslinker (divinylbenzene) consistently yielded hollow structures as determined by transmission electron microscopy, whereas ethylene glycol dimethacrylate typically resulted in polymer particles with a solid core. The use of an aromatic monomer with high propagation rate coefficient (benzyl methacrylate) and a strongly oil-soluble initiator, lauroyl peroxide, resulted in capsule synthesis with very high conversion (>85%) after 6 h. Surface area and pore analysis of the capsules established that while the capsules possessed a hollow interior, the shell was essentially non-porous. The potential of these materials towards novel nanocarbon-based materials was demonstrated via the preservation of colloidal stability and particle morphology after chemical reduction of GO, in addition to successful encapsulation of hydrophobic nanoparticles within the capsule core.