Abstract
We study ground, symmetric and central vortex states, as well as their energy and chemical potential diagrams, in rotating Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) analytically and numerically. We start from the three-dimensional (3D) Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) with an angular momentum rotation term, scale it to obtain a four-parameter model, reduce it to a 2D GPE in the limiting regime of strong anisotropic con¯nement and present its semiclassical scaling and geometrical optics. We discuss the existence/nonexistence problem for ground states (depending on the angular velocity) and ¯nd that symmetric and central vortex states are independent of the angular rotational momentum. We perform numerical experiments computing these states using a continuous normalized gradient °ow (CNGF) method with a backward Euler ¯nite di®erence (BEFD) discretization. Ground, symmetric and central vortex states, as well as their energy con¯gurations, are reported in 2D and 3D for a rotating BEC. Through our numerical study, we ¯nd various con¯gurations with several vortices in both 2D and 3D structures, energy asymptotics in some limiting regimes and ratios between energies of di®erent states in a strong replusive interaction regime. Finally we report the critical angular velocity at which the ground state loses symmetry, numerical veri¯cation of dimension reduction from 3D to 2D, errors for the Thomas-Fermi approximation, and spourous numerical ground states when the rotation speed is larger than the minimal trapping frequency in the xy plane.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 57-88 |
Number of pages | 32 |
Journal | COMMUNICATIONS IN MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES |
Volume | 3 |
Issue number | 1 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 2005 |
Keywords
- Angular momentum rotation
- Central vortex state
- Chemical potential
- Continuous normalized gradient flow
- Energy
- Gross-pitaevskii equation
- Ground state
- Rotating bose-einstein condensate
- Symmetric state
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- General Mathematics
- Applied Mathematics