Phonon heat transfer across a vacuum through quantum fluctuations

King Yan Fong, Hao Kun Li, Rongkuo Zhao, Sui Yang, Yuan Wang, Xiang Zhang

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

79 Scopus citations

Abstract

Heat transfer in solids is typically conducted through either electrons or atomic vibrations known as phonons. In a vacuum, heat has long been thought to be transferred by radiation but not by phonons because of the lack of a medium1. Recent theory, however, has predicted that quantum fluctuations of electromagnetic fields could induce phonon coupling across a vacuum and thereby facilitate heat transfer2–4. Revealing this unique quantum effect experimentally would bring fundamental insights to quantum thermodynamics5 and practical implications to thermal management in nanometre-scale technologies6. Here we experimentally demonstrate heat transfer induced by quantum fluctuations between two objects separated by a vacuum gap. We use nanomechanical systems to realize strong phonon coupling through vacuum fluctuations, and observe the exchange of thermal energy between individual phonon modes. The experimental observation agrees well with our theoretical calculations and is unambiguously distinguished from other effects such as near-field radiation and electrostatic interaction. Our discovery of phonon transport through quantum fluctuations represents a previously unknown mechanism of heat transfer in addition to the conventional conduction, convection and radiation. It paves the way for the exploitation of quantum vacuum in energy transport at the nanoscale.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)243-247
Number of pages5
JournalNature
Volume576
Issue number7786
DOIs
StatePublished - Dec 11 2019
Externally publishedYes

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • General

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