Recent advances in electrochemical nanobiosensors for cardiac biomarkers

The WHO reports heart diseases, especially MI, are the leading cause of death. During a heart attack and damage to myocardial cells, cardiac biomarkers are released into the bloodstream. Their accurate measurement can be beneficial in the rapid screening of patients and the initiation of treatment. Rapid diagnosis of MI prevents secondary complications such as heart failure and will significantly reduce the mortality rate of patients. Electrochemical biosensors are cutting-edge diagnostic tools that successfully track the quantitative detection of several cardiac biomarkers. They are composed of three primary components: a biorecognition element, a signal transducer, and a detector. Here, the latest electrochemical biosensors developed in 2021–2023 have been collected and categorized, and their main features have been reviewed, analyzed, and compared. The most crucial biorecognition elements used in these biosensors include antibodies, oligonucleotides (especially: aptamers), and peptide sequences that are specifically selected and used to detect analytes. Equipping electrochemical biosensors with nanomaterials has increased diagnostic performance (especially sensitivity), facilitating reliable detection. These nanomaterials have been employed by modifying the surface of the signal transducer or optimizing the biorecognition element, or both. Investigating the most up-to-date platforms for detecting cardiac biomarkers and presenting their essential assembly features and diagnosis mechanisms can provide subsequent research avenues.