Strigolactone biosynthesis in rice can occur via a 9-cis-3-OH-10′-apo-β-carotenal intermediate

Strigolactones (SLs) play a crucial role in regulating plant architecture and mediating rhizosphere interactions. They are synthesized from all-trans-β-carotene converted into the intermediate carlactone (CL) via the intermediate 9-cis-β-apo-10′-carotenal. Recent studies indicate that plants can also synthesize 3-OH-CL from all-trans-β-zeaxanthin via the intermediate 9-cis-3-OH-β-apo-10′-carotenal. However, the question of whether plants can form bioactive SLs from 9-cis-3-OH-β-apo-10′-carotenal remains elusive. In this study, we supplied the ¹³C-labeled 9-cis-3-OH-β-apo-10′-carotenal to rice seedlings and monitored the synthesis of SLs using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and Striga bioassay. We further validated the biological activity of 9-cis-3-OH-β-apo-10′-carotenal-derived SLs using the ccd7/d17 SL-deficient mutant, which demonstrated increased Striga seed-germinating activity and partial rescue of tiller numbers and plant height. Our results establish 9-cis-3-OH-β-apo-10′-carotenal as a significant SL biosynthetic intermediate with implications for understanding plant hormonal functions and potential applications in agriculture.