Sulfur in Mesoporous Tungsten Nitride Foam Blocks: A Rational Lithium Polysulfide Confinement Experimental Design Strategy Augmented by Theoretical Predictions

To enhance the utilization of sulfur in lithium-sulfur batteries, three-dimensional tungsten nitride (WN) mesoporous foam blocks are designed to spatially localize the soluble Li₂S₆ and Li₂S₄ within the pore spaces. Meanwhile, the chemisorption behaviors of polysulfides and the capability of WN as an effective confiner are systematically investigated through density functional theory calculations and experimental studies. The theoretical calculations reveal a decrease in chemisorption strength between WN and the soluble polysulfides (Li₂S₈ > Li₂S₆ > Li₂S₄), while the interactions between WN and the insoluble Li₂S₂/Li₂S show a high chemisorption strength of ca. 3 eV. Validating theoretical insights through electrochemical measurements further manifest that the assembled battery configurations with sulfur cathode confined in the thickest WN blocks exhibit the best rate capabilities (1090 and 510 mAh g^-1 at 0.5C and 5C, respectively) with the highest initial Coulombic efficiency of 90.5%. Moreover, a reversible capacity of 358 mAh g^-1 is maintained with a high Coulombic efficiency approaching to 100%, even after 500 cycles at 2C. As guided by in silico design, this work not only provides an effective strategy to improve the retentivity of polysulfides but also underpins that properly architectured WN can be effective retainers of polysulfides.